1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:07,000 You know what? I've been around for a while. 2 00:00:07,000 --> 00:00:13,000 I've traveled the world, met some interesting people, done some crazy things. 3 00:00:13,000 --> 00:00:17,000 So you might just think there's not much that could take me by surprise. 4 00:00:17,000 --> 00:00:21,000 You'd be wrong. 5 00:00:21,000 --> 00:00:27,000 The world is full of stories and science and things that amaze and confound me every single day. 6 00:00:27,000 --> 00:00:30,000 Incredible mysteries that keep me awake at night. 7 00:00:30,000 --> 00:00:37,000 Some I can answer. Others justify logic. 8 00:00:37,000 --> 00:00:42,000 A man beats incredible odds and cheats death. 9 00:00:42,000 --> 00:00:46,000 He's struck by lightning six times, yet lives. 10 00:00:46,000 --> 00:00:51,000 Is he a human lightning rod? 11 00:00:51,000 --> 00:00:58,000 A small child freezes solid in sub-zero temperatures, clinically dead for two hours. 12 00:00:58,000 --> 00:01:04,000 She amazingly survives. How is this possible? 13 00:01:04,000 --> 00:01:12,000 Beneath the Pacific Ocean, mysterious discovery threatens everything we believe about our nation's history. 14 00:01:12,000 --> 00:01:19,000 Did Chinese explorers reach American shores years before Columbus? 15 00:01:19,000 --> 00:01:26,000 Yep. It's a weird world. And I love it. 16 00:01:26,000 --> 00:01:33,000 The World 17 00:01:33,000 --> 00:01:40,000 The World 18 00:01:40,000 --> 00:01:48,000 For this next weird tale, I've been compelled to write a little poem. 19 00:01:48,000 --> 00:01:54,000 Here goes. Lightning strikes fear in the heart. 20 00:01:54,000 --> 00:02:00,000 With its silver forked skies all peeling with thunder. 21 00:02:00,000 --> 00:02:04,000 Well, actually lightning doesn't strike fear into my heart. 22 00:02:04,000 --> 00:02:07,000 Given the fact that I live here in the United States, 23 00:02:07,000 --> 00:02:12,000 that my odds of being hit by lightning are about one in 750,000. 24 00:02:12,000 --> 00:02:18,000 So I'd have to be really unlucky to get beat by those odds, right? 25 00:02:18,000 --> 00:02:23,000 The World 26 00:02:23,000 --> 00:02:28,000 46-year-old Carl Meis may be the unluckiest person on earth. 27 00:02:28,000 --> 00:02:34,000 The Oklahoma resident has been struck by lightning more than once. 28 00:02:34,000 --> 00:02:38,000 The first time in 1978. 29 00:02:38,000 --> 00:02:42,000 A storm came up and it was lightning and thunder and I'd run to the truck. 30 00:02:42,000 --> 00:02:50,000 And about the time that I grabbed the door handle, lightning struck. 31 00:02:50,000 --> 00:02:56,000 Just a flash of lightning knocked me back four or five feet on the backside. 32 00:02:56,000 --> 00:02:58,000 It just made me sore. 33 00:02:58,000 --> 00:03:04,000 Then a few years later, lightning struck again. 34 00:03:04,000 --> 00:03:09,000 Lightning struck hit the transformer on the pole above us. 35 00:03:09,000 --> 00:03:16,000 When it just knocked the way out of me, it felt like somebody had hit me with a club or a baseball bat. 36 00:03:16,000 --> 00:03:21,000 And I was laying on the ground and whenever I got up, this plumber came up and said, 37 00:03:21,000 --> 00:03:24,000 Are you all right? And I said, Man, somebody hit me. 38 00:03:24,000 --> 00:03:27,000 He said, No, you got struck by lightning. 39 00:03:27,000 --> 00:03:34,000 In 1996, Carl is watching a tornado from what he thinks is a safe distance. 40 00:03:34,000 --> 00:03:41,000 And so I'm standing under a tree and about that time lightning strikes a tree. 41 00:03:41,000 --> 00:03:45,000 It comes down that and knocks me over against the house. 42 00:03:45,000 --> 00:03:51,000 And I'm thinking, you know, this surely couldn't be happening again, you know, but it did. 43 00:03:51,000 --> 00:03:58,000 Carl was hit for a fourth time in 1999, again in 2005. 44 00:03:58,000 --> 00:04:08,000 A year later, Carl entered the record books as the only living person struck by lightning six times. 45 00:04:08,000 --> 00:04:17,000 A little storm popped up and I was sitting in the house and I went out and put a tarp over the hay. 46 00:04:17,000 --> 00:04:23,000 And then about the time you put tires on top of the tarps to keep them down on something like that. 47 00:04:23,000 --> 00:04:31,000 And about the time I went to throw the tire up, all I remember is a bright light and noise. 48 00:04:34,000 --> 00:04:41,000 And I woke up on the ground and so they took me over to a building, you know, and they called the ambulance. 49 00:04:41,000 --> 00:04:45,000 And all the people came and went on and they put me in the hospital for three days. 50 00:04:45,000 --> 00:04:54,000 That time I was laying on my stomach on the ground working on this wire and it burnt my chest, you know, on the other side of my chest, on the left side of my chest. 51 00:04:54,000 --> 00:05:04,000 A man struck by lightning six times in 30 years, a series of events so bizarre and so improbable, it defies logic. 52 00:05:04,000 --> 00:05:06,000 But what are the chances? 53 00:05:07,000 --> 00:05:15,000 Mathematician Jeffrey Rosenthal has calculated the extraordinary odds of Carl Meis' run of doomed luck. 54 00:05:15,000 --> 00:05:22,000 If we just kind of pretended that lightning was equal around the United States and everyone just had the same chance of being struck all the time, 55 00:05:22,000 --> 00:05:28,000 then the chance that somebody would be struck six different times over the course of 30 years is extremely unlikely. 56 00:05:28,000 --> 00:05:32,000 It's like one chance in a trillion, trillion, trillion, if you just consider everyone to be equal, 57 00:05:32,000 --> 00:05:35,000 then someone would be struck six times in a 30 year period. 58 00:05:37,000 --> 00:05:43,000 I have more of a sense of feeling if it happens again, you know, it could kill me, you know, and I don't know why I feel that way. 59 00:05:43,000 --> 00:05:47,000 So that way I'm pretty careful but going outside. 60 00:05:48,000 --> 00:05:51,000 So why does this keep happening to Carl? 61 00:05:51,000 --> 00:05:57,000 Rosenthal suspects the answer has something to do with where in America Carl lives. 62 00:05:57,000 --> 00:06:04,000 Well, there's actually more lightning strikes in Oklahoma than on average, so your chance of being struck or killed or injured by lightning 63 00:06:04,000 --> 00:06:09,000 are higher if you live in Oklahoma than they are just for an average person over the course of the whole United States. 64 00:06:09,000 --> 00:06:19,000 Oklahoma, the heart of America's tornado alley, and a state that gets hit with the third highest numbers of lightning strikes in the U.S. every year. 65 00:06:19,000 --> 00:06:21,000 Around one million. 66 00:06:22,000 --> 00:06:25,000 Oh my God! 67 00:06:25,000 --> 00:06:33,000 If we compare that, for example, to California, then California, the same rate, is about 0.02. 68 00:06:33,000 --> 00:06:40,000 So you're about 34 times more likely to be killed by lightning if you live in Oklahoma compared to if you live in California. 69 00:06:41,000 --> 00:06:47,000 Rosenthal theorizes that Carl's increased probability of being struck is due to another important factor. 70 00:06:47,000 --> 00:06:55,000 He lives on a farm and his job as a maintenance worker at the University of Oklahoma keeps him frequently outdoors. 71 00:06:56,000 --> 00:07:04,000 So for an average person in Oklahoma, there's about one chance in 147,000 that they'd be struck by lightning in a given year. 72 00:07:04,000 --> 00:07:13,000 But Mr. Meiss, well, he apparently worked outside a lot and maybe spent about 80 times as much outside in his work life as the average person. 73 00:07:13,000 --> 00:07:19,000 So if we think about it that way, then we could say that this works out to his chance of being struck by lightning in a given year. 74 00:07:19,000 --> 00:07:22,000 There's about one chance in 1,800. 75 00:07:24,000 --> 00:07:28,000 So what are the chances Carl will be struck again? Let's do the math. 76 00:07:28,000 --> 00:07:42,000 The probability of an Oklahoma being hit by lightning is, let's see, the population divided by average number of strikes giving the U.S. a one in 470,000 chance. 77 00:07:42,000 --> 00:07:52,000 And then we divide this again by the fact that Carl Meiss is approximately 49 years old and the average U.S. male lives to 76,000. 78 00:07:52,000 --> 00:08:06,000 Carl, 27 years left and we factor in his job and lifestyle and we discover the chances of Carl being hit is one in 5,480,000 or pretty low. 79 00:08:06,000 --> 00:08:09,000 So I think Carl can relax. 80 00:08:09,000 --> 00:08:17,000 But then again, the dude was hit by lightning six times, so maybe Carl from now on. 81 00:08:17,000 --> 00:08:20,000 Please stay indoors. 82 00:08:21,000 --> 00:08:30,000 Combining factors, including lifestyle and location reveal, Carl is many times more likely to be struck by lightning than your average person. 83 00:08:30,000 --> 00:08:37,000 But can probability alone really explain why Carl has been struck six times? 84 00:08:39,000 --> 00:08:47,000 Or could there be something special about Carl that makes him attract this deadly natural force? 85 00:08:51,000 --> 00:08:55,000 A huge electrical discharge between a thundercloud and the ground. 86 00:08:55,000 --> 00:09:01,000 Lightning is a massive version of the electrostatic spark given off when you touch a door handle. 87 00:09:01,000 --> 00:09:06,000 Each lightning bolt has as much energy as a ton of TNT. 88 00:09:07,000 --> 00:09:19,000 Even if you could avoid being struck directly by a bolt, lightning can radiate across the ground and anyone like Carl can be affected indirectly through physical contact with a struck object. 89 00:09:19,000 --> 00:09:30,000 Suffering third degree burns, ruptured eardrums and even death caused by a disruption of the nervous system and stopping the heart. 90 00:09:31,000 --> 00:09:39,000 Now, let's have ourselves a little Ben Franklin moment. 91 00:09:39,000 --> 00:09:47,000 When a lightning bolt bursts out of a thundercloud, it releases a massive amount of electrical energy into the air. 92 00:09:47,000 --> 00:09:55,000 Metal objects act like an antenna for this electricity, basically pulling in the excess energy that's in the air. 93 00:09:55,000 --> 00:10:11,000 That's why if you're holding metal or just near metal, you're directing the charge of the lightning bolt straight to you, causing you to be electrocuted, even if you're never directly struck by lightning. 94 00:10:12,000 --> 00:10:25,000 Lightning researcher Don McGormann thinks the indirect nature of the majority of Carl's lightning hits can explain his misfortune. 95 00:10:25,000 --> 00:10:32,000 Every time he was struck, Carl was touching something that conducts electricity. 96 00:10:32,000 --> 00:10:45,000 A lot of his injuries were caused by touching metal. He probably wasn't struck directly in the good many of those cases, but the fact that he was touching metal caused him to be injured in those situations. 97 00:10:45,000 --> 00:10:49,000 He was touching long pieces of metal, which is even worse, or large pieces of metal. 98 00:10:49,000 --> 00:10:55,000 So he was touching a wire, the lightning struck a nearby pole, the current surge came through the wire and hit him. 99 00:10:55,000 --> 00:11:04,000 He was touching a crowbar, and so even if the crowbar wasn't hit directly, it would still pick up the electrical energy from a lightning flash and really seriously injuring. 100 00:11:04,000 --> 00:11:15,000 Even exposing yourself to the hazard is by staying outside, lots of people are outside, and it's just a statistical fluke, I think, in one way. 101 00:11:15,000 --> 00:11:24,000 Like I said before, though, being outside and touching metal are things that greatly increase your chances of being injured. 102 00:11:24,000 --> 00:11:33,000 And so if there's one thing I would urge Carl to do, it would be if he's got to stay outside, go ahead and stay outside, but get away from metal. 103 00:11:33,000 --> 00:11:37,000 Don't be touching metal or standing in pools of water. 104 00:11:38,000 --> 00:11:43,000 Carl Meis puts himself in harm's way far more often than most people. 105 00:11:43,000 --> 00:11:49,000 But that alone cannot explain his 30 years of living in fear. 106 00:11:49,000 --> 00:11:55,000 Electrical expert David Stetzer wants to test a more bizarre theory. 107 00:11:55,000 --> 00:12:01,000 Is there something about Carl himself that makes him more susceptible to lightning strikes? 108 00:12:01,000 --> 00:12:06,000 Current will take the path of least resistance. Now that's Olin's law. 109 00:12:06,000 --> 00:12:09,000 Electrical resistance is measured in ohms. 110 00:12:09,000 --> 00:12:19,000 If you knew where lightning was going to strike, and we went out on a golf course and somebody was 200 ohms of resistance and somebody was 500 ohms of resistance, and lightning hits, 111 00:12:19,000 --> 00:12:27,000 more current would flow through the person that has 200 ohms of resistance than the person that had 500 ohms of resistance. 112 00:12:27,000 --> 00:12:31,000 If the person has less resistance, they're a better conductor. 113 00:12:31,000 --> 00:12:35,000 Again, going back to what you want to conduct electricity. 114 00:12:35,000 --> 00:12:40,000 You want to use a ceramic rod or you want to use a copper wire, for example. 115 00:12:40,000 --> 00:12:45,000 So copper wire has one valence electron or it's more conductive. 116 00:12:45,000 --> 00:12:52,000 People's resistance to electrical currents vary. Some scientists believe levels of body fat and sweat can be a factor. 117 00:12:53,000 --> 00:13:02,000 Stetzer's experiment will determine if Carl has less resistance that could explain why lightning is striking him more than other people. 118 00:13:02,000 --> 00:13:08,000 And so we're going to connect that to you and we're going to measure the voltage drop between here and here. 119 00:13:08,000 --> 00:13:11,000 The more voltage that it drops, the more conductive you are. 120 00:13:11,000 --> 00:13:16,000 First, Stetzer is going to test Carl's friends, Joe and Steve. 121 00:13:16,000 --> 00:13:22,000 He's reading 2.3 volts, 2.4. 122 00:13:25,000 --> 00:13:27,000 Almost 4 volts. 123 00:13:27,000 --> 00:13:29,000 But what about Carl's friends? 124 00:13:29,000 --> 00:13:30,000 Here we go. 125 00:13:30,000 --> 00:13:35,000 And you can see the number drops down to 1.9 volts. 126 00:13:35,000 --> 00:13:42,000 Amazingly, Dave's test has revealed that Carl does indeed have greater conductivity than normal. 127 00:13:43,000 --> 00:13:51,000 But Don McGormand, one of the world's leading experts on lightning, is skeptical about the findings. 128 00:13:51,000 --> 00:13:58,000 There's very little about a person that could make them more likely to be struck. 129 00:13:58,000 --> 00:14:06,000 Even if they're a little more conducting, that's a really, really small influence on where lightning flash hits. 130 00:14:06,000 --> 00:14:13,000 Because a lightning flash is coming down from miles up in the atmosphere and it's finding its way down to the ground. 131 00:14:13,000 --> 00:14:18,000 And why it hits a particular patch of ground is really a statistical process. 132 00:14:18,000 --> 00:14:26,000 It's the chance of any one piece of ground being hit, if you look at that probability ahead of time, is really, really small. 133 00:14:27,000 --> 00:14:32,000 It seems the reason Carl's been repeatedly struck by lightning can be traced to several factors. 134 00:14:33,000 --> 00:14:35,000 Where in America he lives? 135 00:14:36,000 --> 00:14:38,000 His outdoor lifestyle? 136 00:14:38,000 --> 00:14:41,000 His proximity to conductive materials? 137 00:14:42,000 --> 00:14:45,000 And sheer bad luck. 138 00:14:46,000 --> 00:14:49,000 But one question remains shrouded in mystery. 139 00:14:49,000 --> 00:14:53,000 How has Carl survived almost completely unscathed? 140 00:14:54,000 --> 00:15:03,000 Mathematician Jeffrey Rosenthal continues to grasp at a simple logical answer in a story that seemingly defies reason. 141 00:15:03,000 --> 00:15:09,000 So you actually have even a little better than a 50-50 chance of surviving, even if you did get struck six times. 142 00:15:09,000 --> 00:15:19,000 So by comparison, if you flip a coin you have a 50% chance of heads, so the chance of getting heads six times in a row would then be a half multiplied by itself six times, 143 00:15:19,000 --> 00:15:22,000 which is one chance in 64 or just about one and a half percent. 144 00:15:22,000 --> 00:15:28,000 So it's much less likely that you'll get six heads in a row than that you'll survive six major lightning strikes in a row. 145 00:15:28,000 --> 00:15:35,000 According to Rosenthal, the odds of Carl's survival are around one in five thousand. 146 00:15:35,000 --> 00:15:43,000 But the fact remains, this is a man struck by lightning a world beating six times. 147 00:15:45,000 --> 00:15:48,000 Is that weird or what? 148 00:15:49,000 --> 00:15:54,000 What's the difference between a man and a woman? 149 00:16:04,000 --> 00:16:09,000 In the dead of night, a toddler wanders lost and alone in the eye of a winter storm. 150 00:16:09,000 --> 00:16:14,000 She quickly succumbs to the cold and is frozen almost solid like a block of ice. 151 00:16:14,000 --> 00:16:17,000 Within minutes, she is clinically dead. 152 00:16:18,000 --> 00:16:26,000 Until something happens that can only be described as weird or what. 153 00:16:28,000 --> 00:16:35,000 Edmonton, Alberta, Layla Nordby and her two daughters, Erica and Elise, were having a sleepover at a friend's house. 154 00:16:35,000 --> 00:16:41,000 But when the kids went to sleep, the fun night turned into a waking nightmare. 155 00:16:42,000 --> 00:16:53,000 Erica was next to the wall and sometime through the night she shimmy down the wall and basically got out of bed and went exploring. 156 00:16:53,000 --> 00:16:59,000 Layla woke at 2am when she saw her little girl had vanished. She panicked. 157 00:16:59,000 --> 00:17:05,000 I went all around the room, I went downstairs, I went into the playroom, I went everywhere and Erica was gone. 158 00:17:05,000 --> 00:17:14,000 Then I saw the back door flapping and that's when I realized something was wrong and that's when I started panicking. 159 00:17:14,000 --> 00:17:18,000 Erica had managed to get into the backyard wearing only a t-shirt and a diaper. 160 00:17:18,000 --> 00:17:24,000 The temperature was a minus 11 degrees Fahrenheit with a vicious wind chill. 161 00:17:24,000 --> 00:17:30,000 When I went outside and I looked over to the left you could see these little footprints and you could see the trail. 162 00:17:30,000 --> 00:17:37,000 So I followed that little trail and it was only about 12, 13 feet but it felt like it was longer. 163 00:17:37,000 --> 00:17:40,000 And at the end there I found Erica. 164 00:17:40,000 --> 00:17:44,000 So coming to hypothermia, Erica's heart had stopped beating. 165 00:17:44,000 --> 00:17:51,000 She had been clinically dead for over two hours with no visible signs of breathing or blood circulation. 166 00:17:51,000 --> 00:17:56,000 In this state, permanent brain damage can occur within a matter of minutes. 167 00:17:56,000 --> 00:18:00,000 So I had no idea what I was in for. 168 00:18:00,000 --> 00:18:05,000 I didn't even know that there was a way to help her. 169 00:18:05,000 --> 00:18:08,000 I didn't know that there was nothing. 170 00:18:08,000 --> 00:18:16,000 When paramedics arrived, they found a distraught mother with her child almost frozen solid. 171 00:18:16,000 --> 00:18:25,000 When the paramedics took her from my arms and then they made a big clunking sound when they put her on the table. 172 00:18:25,000 --> 00:18:29,000 I really thought my daughter was not going to make it. 173 00:18:29,000 --> 00:18:33,000 But remarkably, they detected faint signs of life. 174 00:18:33,000 --> 00:18:38,000 All I can remember is one paramedic saying, we got a pulse, let's move her. 175 00:18:38,000 --> 00:18:42,000 And they moved her quick. 176 00:18:42,000 --> 00:18:47,000 Arriving at the hospital, Erica's internal body temperature was 60 degrees Fahrenheit, 177 00:18:47,000 --> 00:18:54,000 nearly 40 degrees lower than normal and far colder than any previous patient had survived. 178 00:18:54,000 --> 00:18:57,000 We're talking about at least an hour and a half. 179 00:18:57,000 --> 00:19:01,000 So by that point in time, I think we still knew that there was a chance, 180 00:19:01,000 --> 00:19:06,000 but our fear was that the chance of either her pulling through alive 181 00:19:06,000 --> 00:19:11,000 or the chance of pulling through without significant brain injury was getting smaller and smaller. 182 00:19:11,000 --> 00:19:17,000 So not so small that it wasn't worth trying, but clearly by the time we were hitting the intensive care unit, 183 00:19:17,000 --> 00:19:23,000 we're getting very worried as to if we got her back, how badly injured she was going to be. 184 00:19:23,000 --> 00:19:29,000 Dr. Alan DeCand, battle to get Erica's core temperature back to 98.6 Fahrenheit. 185 00:19:29,000 --> 00:19:34,000 The problem always ends up being up front trying to be able to predict whether or not 186 00:19:34,000 --> 00:19:36,000 this is going to be the one kid that ends up getting through. 187 00:19:36,000 --> 00:19:40,000 And I think what we end up doing is throw everything at that job, 188 00:19:40,000 --> 00:19:43,000 use all of your expertise, all the equipment, all the personnel that you have. 189 00:19:43,000 --> 00:19:51,000 It's long odds, but you do what you can to hopefully get that one in a thousand through. 190 00:19:51,000 --> 00:19:57,000 Incredibly, the team was able to get the toddler's heart beating and her lungs working again. 191 00:19:57,000 --> 00:20:02,000 Despite suffering severe frostbite on her fingers and toes, requiring skin grafts, 192 00:20:02,000 --> 00:20:10,000 Erica was saved, brought back from the dead. 193 00:20:10,000 --> 00:20:16,000 But this is not the first time a human is recovered from extreme cold core temperatures. 194 00:20:16,000 --> 00:20:24,000 In October 2006, a Japanese rock climber got lost for 23 days on Mount Rako, Japan. 195 00:20:24,000 --> 00:20:30,000 When found by rescuers, his organs had failed, his core temperature was 71 degrees Fahrenheit. 196 00:20:30,000 --> 00:20:35,000 But he made a full recovery. How could this be possible? 197 00:20:35,000 --> 00:20:41,000 The doctors tell me that it was like an animal going into hibernation, 198 00:20:41,000 --> 00:20:50,000 and basically going unconscious. It kind of helped me to deal with it. 199 00:20:50,000 --> 00:20:54,000 That subconscious, they were all like some kind of animal. 200 00:20:54,000 --> 00:21:02,000 Did Erica's body somehow do the impossible and go into some form of life-saving hibernation? 201 00:21:02,000 --> 00:21:08,000 Dr. Giesbrecht has spent over 20 years studying the effect of cold on the human body. 202 00:21:08,000 --> 00:21:15,000 Hibernation is an intentional decreasing of temperature and metabolic rate and oxygen consumption. 203 00:21:15,000 --> 00:21:20,000 Everything still works just at a slower rate at a lower temperature. 204 00:21:20,000 --> 00:21:25,000 Humans are not designed to do that. We're designed throughout our entire life. 205 00:21:25,000 --> 00:21:29,000 All year round, we operate at a normal core temperature. 206 00:21:29,000 --> 00:21:36,000 The only reason that we ever get low temperature is not because we allow it, which is what hibernation is. 207 00:21:36,000 --> 00:21:45,000 We get to a low temperature only because we are accidentally cold stressed to the point that we can't defend against it, 208 00:21:45,000 --> 00:21:49,000 and we are in a clinically bad situation. 209 00:21:49,000 --> 00:21:54,000 Animals hibernate to survive the long cold winter months when food is scarce. 210 00:21:54,000 --> 00:22:01,000 Can humans pull the same biological trick in extreme circumstances? 211 00:22:01,000 --> 00:22:08,000 Bears, for instance, are made to, in the winter, go to sleep, slow down their metabolism, 212 00:22:08,000 --> 00:22:13,000 and lower their core temperature to a very, very low degree. 213 00:22:13,000 --> 00:22:18,000 But their heart is still working and they're still breathing throughout the whole winter period. 214 00:22:18,000 --> 00:22:23,000 But unlike a hibernating bear, Erica was found in a state of near cardiac arrest. 215 00:22:23,000 --> 00:22:31,000 We are made to live our whole lives at a core temperature around 98.6 or 37 degrees Celsius. 216 00:22:31,000 --> 00:22:38,000 When a human becomes severely hypothermic and they become clinically dead, their heart's not working, they're not breathing, 217 00:22:38,000 --> 00:22:42,000 that is not hibernation. That's clinical death. 218 00:22:42,000 --> 00:22:47,000 So was Erica's hypothermic state mistaken for hibernation? 219 00:22:47,000 --> 00:22:52,000 Hypothermia occurs when the body's core temperature drops below normal. 220 00:22:52,000 --> 00:22:57,000 A drop of a mere three degrees causes shivering and lethargy. 221 00:22:57,000 --> 00:23:00,000 Blood flow becomes restricted to the hands and feet. 222 00:23:00,000 --> 00:23:06,000 A drop of five degrees can lead to a loss of coordination, slurred speech, and violent shivering. 223 00:23:06,000 --> 00:23:11,000 At this point, people become irrational and their pulse rate decreases. 224 00:23:11,000 --> 00:23:17,000 By the time the body drops to 86 degrees Fahrenheit, severe hypothermia has set in. 225 00:23:17,000 --> 00:23:21,000 A person looks dead and cellular processes cease. 226 00:23:21,000 --> 00:23:27,000 Before long, major organs begin to fail, causing clinical death. 227 00:23:27,000 --> 00:23:31,000 But how did Erica survive with a core temperature of just 60 degrees? 228 00:23:31,000 --> 00:23:40,000 Ironically, doctors believe the fact that Erica was so young, tiny, and fragile might have been what saved her. 229 00:23:40,000 --> 00:23:47,000 If your heart's gonna stop, you want your heart to be stopping when the organs are still full of enough oxygen and energy 230 00:23:47,000 --> 00:23:53,000 so that they're gonna be able to work for a long time at a low metabolic rate while you're trying to restart the heart. 231 00:23:53,000 --> 00:24:01,000 Because all tissue requires less oxygen when it's cold, when you become clinically dead because of severe hypothermia, 232 00:24:01,000 --> 00:24:04,000 your tissue is actually preserved for a while. 233 00:24:04,000 --> 00:24:09,000 So you can go a longer period of clinical death than you could if you died when you were warm. 234 00:24:09,000 --> 00:24:13,000 Small children and babies, because of their body surface area, 235 00:24:13,000 --> 00:24:18,000 because of how large their skin is relative to their overall weight and overall size, 236 00:24:18,000 --> 00:24:27,000 they are exquisitely sensitive to losing heat and developing a very low body temperature very quickly. 237 00:24:27,000 --> 00:24:32,000 Did Erica's tiny size help save her life? 238 00:24:32,000 --> 00:24:39,000 If you cool down fast enough, what happens is that your organs, the function of them, it slows down. 239 00:24:39,000 --> 00:24:45,000 The metabolic activity, how much oxygen, how much energy they end up needing to survive, 240 00:24:45,000 --> 00:24:53,000 goes down to just a trickle of what the normal amount of energy and oxygen would be usually necessary to keep you alive. 241 00:24:53,000 --> 00:24:58,000 So what happened with is that because she rapidly cooled down, it allowed her, 242 00:24:58,000 --> 00:25:02,000 even though her heart had stopped contracting and her heart wasn't pushing blood around her body, 243 00:25:02,000 --> 00:25:11,000 she had a much, much longer period of time where her organs were going to be able to survive without the heart pumping oxygen and nutrients. 244 00:25:11,000 --> 00:25:20,000 In normal conditions, the brain can be deprived of oxygenated blood for around five minutes before suffering irreversible damage. 245 00:25:20,000 --> 00:25:25,000 After around ten minutes without oxygen, death is almost certain. 246 00:25:26,000 --> 00:25:34,000 Because extreme cold reduces the body's metabolic activity, the brain can survive unharmed for hours or even days 247 00:25:34,000 --> 00:25:39,000 on the reserves of oxygen and energy present when the body is rapidly cooled. 248 00:25:39,000 --> 00:25:47,000 This condition is called metabolic icebox and occurs when the core temperature drops below 86 degrees. 249 00:25:47,000 --> 00:25:51,000 We often have the question, how cold is too cold? 250 00:25:51,000 --> 00:25:56,000 And it's people like Erica who make the answer to that question very difficult. 251 00:25:56,000 --> 00:26:02,000 Twenty years ago we would have said that Erica could not survive, but then somebody treated her and she lived, 252 00:26:02,000 --> 00:26:07,000 so it's very, very difficult to say. We don't know the lowest limit. 253 00:26:07,000 --> 00:26:13,000 Erica's core temperature was 60 degrees Fahrenheit or 15 degrees Celsius. 254 00:26:13,000 --> 00:26:20,000 There used to be limits of temperature, it's 20 degrees, body temperatures of 19 degrees, body temperatures of 18 degrees. 255 00:26:20,000 --> 00:26:23,000 It does keep on getting lower. 256 00:26:23,000 --> 00:26:33,000 18 degrees Celsius is 64 degrees Fahrenheit. Until recently doctors didn't attempt to resuscitate people with core temperatures below 68 Fahrenheit. 257 00:26:33,000 --> 00:26:39,000 Luckily for Erica, today doctors work on a different principle. 258 00:26:39,000 --> 00:26:48,000 We basically tell physicians and anyone else who finds someone cold, you must try to revive a person almost no matter what. 259 00:26:48,000 --> 00:26:52,000 That's why we say you're never cold and dead until you're warm and dead. 260 00:26:52,000 --> 00:26:59,000 We end up trying to rewarm people. If we think by the circumstances of where they had their cardiac arrest, 261 00:26:59,000 --> 00:27:04,000 we think that there is a significant chance that we're going to be able to resuscitate them. 262 00:27:04,000 --> 00:27:10,000 Basically if someone is found cold and clinically dead, unless they have an obvious fatal injury, 263 00:27:10,000 --> 00:27:14,000 or they're literally like a block of ice and cannot be moved at all, 264 00:27:14,000 --> 00:27:21,000 we say because of people like Erica, try to revive them because you never know. 265 00:27:21,000 --> 00:27:28,000 Usually doctors have to warm up hypothermia victims by filling their lungs with warmed air, 266 00:27:28,000 --> 00:27:33,000 injecting warm fluids, or by warming the blood through an external heater. 267 00:27:33,000 --> 00:27:40,000 Her temperature when she arrived was about 16 degrees, her heart started working again at about 17 degrees. 268 00:27:40,000 --> 00:27:50,000 But Erica had one last surprise in store, a mysterious biological response the medical team simply cannot explain. 269 00:27:54,000 --> 00:28:01,000 The wonderful thing about what happened with Erica is once her heart rhythm fixed itself and her heart started pumping, 270 00:28:01,000 --> 00:28:05,000 basically she regulated her rewarming by herself. 271 00:28:05,000 --> 00:28:11,000 Her heart pushing blood around her body and us just providing warm air blowing over her skin, 272 00:28:11,000 --> 00:28:16,000 she was able to regulate how quickly her body temperature needed to rise. 273 00:28:16,000 --> 00:28:22,000 For some reason, Erica, with that body temperature, gods were on her side. 274 00:28:23,000 --> 00:28:27,000 Erica survived her ordeal without suffering any form of brain damage. 275 00:28:27,000 --> 00:28:34,000 She spent six weeks in hospital but made a full recovery. 276 00:28:34,000 --> 00:28:43,000 My health is pretty good. When I grow up at night I'm going to be a wrestler and during the day I'm going to be a teacher 277 00:28:43,000 --> 00:28:49,000 because sometimes teachers can be actually good role models. 278 00:28:49,000 --> 00:28:51,000 I think I'm a lucky kid. 279 00:28:51,000 --> 00:28:59,000 For Erica's family and the doctors who brought her back to life, Erica's survival isn't just lucky, it's miraculous. 280 00:28:59,000 --> 00:29:05,000 This remarkable story raises as many questions as it answers, but whatever the truth, 281 00:29:05,000 --> 00:29:10,000 Erica now has a second chance to enjoy a long life. 282 00:29:11,000 --> 00:29:13,000 Weird or what? 283 00:29:30,000 --> 00:29:39,000 Who were the first foreigners to lay claim to what is now the USA? 284 00:29:39,000 --> 00:29:41,000 Well, most people would answer. 285 00:29:41,000 --> 00:29:45,000 Thanks to Christopher Columbus it was these guys, the Spanish. 286 00:29:45,000 --> 00:29:52,000 There's some evidence to suggest it was even these guys, the Vikings. 287 00:29:52,000 --> 00:30:04,000 But what if intrepid explorers from somewhere completely unexpected had really discovered America a hundred years earlier than anyone else? 288 00:30:04,000 --> 00:30:11,000 Mysterious carved stones found off the coast of California threatened to turn history on its head. 289 00:30:11,000 --> 00:30:14,000 I've never seen anything like this. 290 00:30:15,000 --> 00:30:22,000 These stones could be proof that the Chinese beat Columbus to the New World. 291 00:30:23,000 --> 00:30:29,000 Bob Muster was scuba diving off Palos Verdes in Southern California when he made a strange discovery. 292 00:30:29,000 --> 00:30:32,000 I love to dive, it's a lot of intrigue. 293 00:30:32,000 --> 00:30:35,000 Every time you go you don't know what you're going to see. 294 00:30:35,000 --> 00:30:39,000 You may see a turtle every once in a while, you do see him. 295 00:30:39,000 --> 00:30:46,000 You might see a shark out here who'll be cruising along on scooters and this seven-gill shark comes right up and swims alongside of you. 296 00:30:46,000 --> 00:30:50,000 You think that's my buddy? No, that isn't my buddy. And it's just a lot of fun. 297 00:30:56,000 --> 00:30:59,000 I used to collect seashells for an old man that I knew. 298 00:30:59,000 --> 00:31:03,000 And as I did it, I found two round balls down there with a hole in them. 299 00:31:04,000 --> 00:31:06,000 Now how did that hole get there? 300 00:31:06,000 --> 00:31:08,000 I've never seen anything like this. 301 00:31:08,000 --> 00:31:12,000 I had no idea what this thing is. I had no idea. Nobody else did. 302 00:31:15,000 --> 00:31:18,000 The stone is unlike any natural object Bob has ever seen. 303 00:31:19,000 --> 00:31:27,000 Suspecting it must be man-made, Bob took a picture of a stone and sent it to experts in underwater archeology. 304 00:31:27,000 --> 00:31:30,000 They suggested it might be a boat anchor. 305 00:31:31,000 --> 00:31:37,000 Stone was used as boat anchors for over 3,000 years. 306 00:31:37,000 --> 00:31:46,000 The ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans all used stones with grooves or holes cut into them to secure the ships. 307 00:31:49,000 --> 00:31:54,000 Stone anchors were only replaced when iron and steel became widely available. 308 00:31:54,000 --> 00:32:00,000 And Europeans who reached the coast of California in 1542 would have used metal. 309 00:32:01,000 --> 00:32:05,000 So where could stone anchors have come from? 310 00:32:07,000 --> 00:32:16,000 Well, let's see. I've been studying those Palace Forty stones off and on for, gosh, 35, 40 years. 311 00:32:17,000 --> 00:32:20,000 Larry J. Pearson is an expert in nautical archeology. 312 00:32:21,000 --> 00:32:31,000 The stone anchor style represented by the collection from Palace Forties is a traditional anchor shape or group of anchor shapes 313 00:32:31,000 --> 00:32:36,000 that have been used continuously since very early times in China. 314 00:32:37,000 --> 00:32:41,000 The Chinese began switching from stone to metal anchors around 600 years ago. 315 00:32:41,000 --> 00:32:47,000 If Bob's anchors are at least that old, it could change everything we know about American history. 316 00:32:47,000 --> 00:32:54,000 It could mean the Chinese beat Columbus by over 100 years. It's a controversial theory. 317 00:32:55,000 --> 00:33:04,000 There's a huge fringe element out there that we'd like to believe in the Tooth Fairy and everything, you know. 318 00:33:05,000 --> 00:33:12,000 Larry Pearson has another less sensational theory. He thinks the rocks are from modern times. 319 00:33:12,000 --> 00:33:23,000 The most logical explanation for the presence of that assemblage at that location has to be 19th century Chinese fishing. 320 00:33:24,000 --> 00:33:31,000 Larry's argument is that modern fishermen use an old technology because stone is cheap and readily available. 321 00:33:33,000 --> 00:33:41,000 Chinese fishermen in the 19th century California were using stone anchors of a style that had been used for thousands of years in China. 322 00:33:42,000 --> 00:33:47,000 Bob isn't convinced that his stone anchors belong to 19th century immigrant fishermen. 323 00:33:48,000 --> 00:33:56,000 He claims that some as yet unrecovered anchors weigh thousands of pounds, way too big, for the immigrant fishing boats to even carry. 324 00:33:57,000 --> 00:34:06,000 I think there's a couple out there that are 3,000 or 4,000 pounds and I think the real big ones out in 60 feet of water, they've got to be at 4,000 or 5,000 pounds. 325 00:34:07,000 --> 00:34:11,000 He assembles a team to recover a giant anchor to prove his point. 326 00:34:22,000 --> 00:34:25,000 Bob and his team pull up a huge stone anchor. 327 00:34:26,000 --> 00:34:34,000 The original one weighs 280 pounds. The biggest one we brought out of the water weighed 1,031 pounds. 328 00:34:35,000 --> 00:34:42,000 Could a small 19th century fishing boat have really used an anchor weighing around 1,000 pounds? 329 00:34:44,000 --> 00:34:50,000 Amateur historian Dr. Shirlangli has spent years studying the stones and he believes a far more incredible theory. 330 00:34:51,000 --> 00:35:01,000 That the anchors are from a massive fleet of ocean going ships under the command of 15th century Chinese admiral and explorer, Zhang He. 331 00:35:04,000 --> 00:35:14,000 I can tell you this much. Chinese knew more about the world in Zhang He's time than all the European cartographers did. 332 00:35:15,000 --> 00:35:31,000 In fact, the European world maps drawn 100 years later probably were all based on some of the fragmented information collected by Zhang He during his trips. 333 00:35:32,000 --> 00:35:36,000 Zhang He's fleet is known to have reached India, the Middle East and East Africa. 334 00:35:37,000 --> 00:35:41,000 Some scholars believe he rounded the bottom of Africa and made it to the Atlantic. 335 00:35:42,000 --> 00:35:45,000 But Dr. Li believes Zhang He got even further than that. 336 00:35:46,000 --> 00:35:55,000 What Zhang He did was actually going west from China through the Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Pacific and then head home. 337 00:35:56,000 --> 00:35:58,000 That's the route he picked. 338 00:35:58,000 --> 00:36:05,000 Li believes the Chinese landed in the Carolinas, making contact with local Native American tribes. 339 00:36:08,000 --> 00:36:18,000 It's controversial, but if it's true, Li's theory would mean the Chinese circumnavigated the globe before the Spanish and beat Christopher Columbus to America. 340 00:36:19,000 --> 00:36:21,000 Can such an incredible idea be real? 341 00:36:22,000 --> 00:36:27,000 One piece of evidence supports the so-called Zhang He map. 342 00:36:28,000 --> 00:36:35,000 It is said to be a copy of a 15th century Chinese sailing map which contains detailed descriptions of Native Americans. 343 00:36:36,000 --> 00:36:39,000 Does the history of America need to be rewritten? 344 00:36:42,000 --> 00:36:45,000 Historian Professor Jennifer Perthel doesn't believe it. 345 00:36:46,000 --> 00:36:49,000 Chinese sailors had almost no experience in open water. 346 00:36:49,000 --> 00:36:56,000 We know, of course, that they have the astrolabe. They get this from the Persians during the time of Mongol rule. 347 00:36:57,000 --> 00:37:06,000 We know that they know about latitude and longitude because under Mongol rule there's a globe that's made by a Persian astronomer in 1267, which is gridded with latitude and longitude. 348 00:37:07,000 --> 00:37:08,000 So they know the world is round. 349 00:37:09,000 --> 00:37:13,000 But what they don't really know how to do is sail across empty blue water. 350 00:37:14,000 --> 00:37:19,000 Dr. Perthel doesn't think the Chinese were capable of crossing oceans in the 15th century. 351 00:37:20,000 --> 00:37:23,000 They're used to sailing from one coastal landmark to the next one. 352 00:37:24,000 --> 00:37:27,000 And they also don't really know how to ride currents and wind patterns. 353 00:37:28,000 --> 00:37:41,000 And I would say it's significant that the first crossing of the Pacific from Asia to California or New Spain to Mexico actually starts in Cebu City in the Philippines and ends up in Acapulco in 1565. 354 00:37:42,000 --> 00:37:49,000 And it's navigated by Spanish sailors who have experience sailing in open water in the Atlantic. 355 00:37:50,000 --> 00:37:58,000 And they in fact apply their experience in the Atlantic to riding curved current and wind patterns to the Pacific. 356 00:37:59,000 --> 00:38:03,000 They guess, literally, that the conditions might be like those in the Atlantic. 357 00:38:04,000 --> 00:38:07,000 And they apply that to sailing across the Pacific. 358 00:38:08,000 --> 00:38:10,000 And that's what enables the voyage to be successful. 359 00:38:11,000 --> 00:38:19,000 It's hard to imagine that the Chinese, without that experience of open water sailing, would actually be able to make that crossing easily. 360 00:38:20,000 --> 00:38:25,000 But Dr. Lee claims he has more evidence that Zheng He managed to cross the Atlantic. 361 00:38:27,000 --> 00:38:31,000 A mysterious brass medallion found buried in North Carolina. 362 00:38:32,000 --> 00:38:35,000 Along the route Lee believes the Chinese would have taken. 363 00:38:36,000 --> 00:38:41,000 I think one of the major pieces of evidence is my brass medallion. 364 00:38:44,000 --> 00:38:48,000 The main thing that caught my eye was the inscription. 365 00:38:49,000 --> 00:38:51,000 It says, great Ming, Xuan De. 366 00:38:52,000 --> 00:39:03,000 Xuan De is the emperor who sent out Zheng He, the Ming Admiral, for the last time of his seventh trip, 367 00:39:03,000 --> 00:39:07,000 to visit other foreign countries. 368 00:39:08,000 --> 00:39:13,000 And then the last two words mean delegated to gift. 369 00:39:14,000 --> 00:39:25,000 The word delegated is the key, because the emperor could not present a gift to the head of state. 370 00:39:26,000 --> 00:39:32,000 So he delegated an important person to present this gift. 371 00:39:33,000 --> 00:39:38,000 And this one must be a representative of the emperor, and he must be a very significant person. 372 00:39:39,000 --> 00:39:41,000 And this is only an ambassador. 373 00:39:42,000 --> 00:39:49,000 At that time, Zheng He is not only an admiral, but he also acts as the ambassador to visit the foreign countries. 374 00:39:50,000 --> 00:39:53,000 No one knows for sure how old the medallion is or where it came from. 375 00:39:53,000 --> 00:40:08,000 But to Dr. Lee, the exposure to Chinese culture and technology left other indelible echoes on the Native American's way of life, language, and even the way they wore their hair. 376 00:40:10,000 --> 00:40:14,000 It is interesting, but Dr. Lee's theory is not supported by most experts in the field. 377 00:40:15,000 --> 00:40:22,000 Dr. Pertle thinks it's strange that there are no Chinese records of Xuan He's alleged discovery. 378 00:40:23,000 --> 00:40:28,000 In a culture that was so good at documenting, recording not only text but pictures. 379 00:40:29,000 --> 00:40:42,000 So one would think that if the Ming had managed to reach North America, we would have some kind of textual record, and that that record would have been transmitted either in manuscript copies or in print. 380 00:40:43,000 --> 00:40:52,000 One also might think we have an extraordinarily strong tradition in China also of printing not only text but images, so one would expect to find perhaps printed maps. 381 00:40:54,000 --> 00:40:59,000 So perhaps it wasn't the medieval Chinese who came to our shores and left these great stone anchors. 382 00:41:00,000 --> 00:41:14,000 But new evidence from scientific dating done on a stone similar to that found by Bob Musterl suggests the answer to this mystery may be even more incredible than anyone could ever have imagined. 383 00:41:15,000 --> 00:41:23,000 Down in San Diego, they brought a stone anchor, a round stone with a hole in it, up from very deep depth. 384 00:41:24,000 --> 00:41:30,000 It had magnesium nodules growing on it, so they dated those magnesium nodules and it was 4,000 years ago. 385 00:41:31,000 --> 00:41:41,000 Now the Chinese had huge boats in those days. The boats were so large they had 1,000 crew members, and they had sail and paddle wheel and oars. 386 00:41:42,000 --> 00:41:52,000 The implications are enormous. An ancient civilization reaching America's west coast 4 millennia ago. 387 00:41:53,000 --> 00:42:02,000 People in Europe didn't even know the existence of Pacific Ocean, so this has to come from Asia and most likely from China. That's my conclusion. 388 00:42:03,000 --> 00:42:06,000 And that's amazing. I think it's really, really fantastic. 389 00:42:09,000 --> 00:42:17,000 We discovered these stones. We're inquisitive about it. I've always been that way in my life and I want to find out what they are before I pass on. 390 00:42:18,000 --> 00:42:19,000 And we got a hurry. 391 00:42:20,000 --> 00:42:29,000 The origins of the huge sunken stones remain a mystery. Are they discarded anchors? Did they belong to 19th century fishermen? 392 00:42:30,000 --> 00:42:39,000 Or did a medieval Chinese admiral set foot on American soil generations before the Europeans? Weird or what? 393 00:42:49,000 --> 00:42:51,000 The World of the Dead 394 00:43:02,000 --> 00:43:07,000 So three bizarre mysteries, each with several possible explanations. 395 00:43:10,000 --> 00:43:17,000 A man is struck by lightning a world record six times. Is he just the world's unluckiest man? 396 00:43:19,000 --> 00:43:28,000 Can mathematics explain his run of doomed luck? Or is there something special about his body that might actually attract lightning? 397 00:43:32,000 --> 00:43:41,000 A child freezes almost solid on a harsh Canadian winter night. She is clinically dead for hours, yet survives. 398 00:43:42,000 --> 00:43:50,000 Did her body go into some form of human hibernation? Did the fact she was just a tiny toddler actually help save her? 399 00:43:54,000 --> 00:44:00,000 And in America's coastal waters, huge sunken stone objects suggest the extraordinary. 400 00:44:02,000 --> 00:44:06,000 Are they anchors left by a fleet of medieval Chinese ships? 401 00:44:07,000 --> 00:44:15,000 Is this proof another civilization reached California before the Spanish? You decide. 402 00:44:16,000 --> 00:44:23,000 Join me next time for more stories that will undoubtedly be weird or what. 403 00:44:36,000 --> 00:44:41,000 The World of the Dead